The Covid-19 pandemic is not only a health challenge. In the MENA region, against the backdrop of protracted conflicts, instability, and an overall deterioration in socio-economic conditions, the coronavirus crisis adds another layer of vulnerability and has already had long-lasting repercussions on human security across the region.

Libya’s security sector has become virtually unrecognizable from what it was a decade ago owing to the transformations brought about since the 2011 revolution. This evolution has implications on any attempts to usher in short-term and interim security arrangements as well as longer-term security sector reform (SSR) efforts.

The Montreux Document reaffirms the existing obligations of States under international law, in particular, international humanitarian law (IHL) and human rights law, relating to the activities of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in situations of armed conflict. The Document also lists good practices to assist States in implementing these obligations. Although …

This Guidance Tool is intended to support States in regulating the use of force by private security providers. The standards, requirements, and good practices contained in this Tool should be incorporated in national legislation, regulations, by-laws, as well as criteria for licensing, authorisation and registration. Additionally, States can use this …